Syntaxonomical Synopsis of the potential natural plant communities of North America, ISalvador Rivas-MartínezItinera Geobotánica 10: 5-148 (1997) |
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IV. Artemisio tridentatae-Juniperetea osteospermae.
IV. Artemisio tridentatae-Juniperetea osteospermae Rivas-Martínez & Costa 1997
IV. Artemisio tridentatae-Juniperetea osteospermae classis nova hoc loco
Xeric conifers open microforests, juniper-pinyon woodlands, mostly dominated by scattered Juniperus and Pinus species as cembroid pines (Pino edulis-Juniperetalia osteospermae), growing on aridisoils, andisoils, inceptisoils or entisoils, covered by an organic tangel horizon, in lower dry to arid supra and oromediterranean xeric and desertic continental bioclimate in the Great Basin biogeographical region. Also are included in this vegetation classis the desertic or seral scrub communities, like sagebrush and Gardner saltbush-shadscale vegetation types (Artemisietalia tridentatae), that represent in the arid bioclimates the climax, and in the semiarid or dry ombrotypes territories the seral communities of the micro and mesoforest of Pino edulis-Juniperetalia osteospermae and Junipero scopulori-Pinion (ponderosae) scopulori. Bioclimatical diagnosis: Ic > 21, Itc < 210, Tp 450-1500, Io 0.6-2.2(2.5). Typus nominis: Pino edulis-Juniperetalia osteospermae ordo novus hoc loco. Characteristic species: Artemisia arbuscula, Artemisia bigelovii, Artemisia ludoviciana, Atriplex canescens, Chrysothamnus nauseosus subsp. graveoleus, Chrysothamnus nauseosus subsp. puberulus, Echinocereus triglochidiatus, Ephedra viridis, Erigeron pumilus, Festuca idahoensis, Glossopetalum spinescens, Mahonia fremontii, Opuntia phaeacantha, Opuntia polyacantha, Oryzopsis hymenoides, Pascopyrum smithii, Plox muscoides, Poa fendleriana, Pseudoroegneria spicata, Purshia mexicana, Purshia stansburyana, Purshia tridentata, Stipa comata, Yucca harrimaniae.
IVa. Pino edulis-Juniperetalia osteospermae ordo novus hoc loco Pure or mixed open microforests or woodlands, basically organized by junipers and pinyon pines, with an undergrowth of some shrubs and perennial herbs, typical of the Great Basin biogeographical region, with the exception of the Mojavan province (Yucco brevifoliae-Coleogynetea ramosissimae). They grow on several kinds of substratums and soils, although they have in common the existence below the understory, when they have not been greatly alterated by grazing and fires, of a thick organic soil horizon, felted and united by whitish myceliums (tangel or calcic xeromor), that later became incorporated as mull into the mineral fraction. The bioclimate is a xeric supra and oromediterranean semiarid and lower dry type, generally with an steppic character. In the adjacents continental territories, with a pluviseasonal mediterranean or xeric temperate, dry or lower subhumid (Io 2.2-3.8) bioclimate, of the Great Basin high mountain or the Rocky Mountains biogeographical region, the microforests of the Pino edulis-Juniperetalia osteospermae are replaced by the mesoforests of the alliance Junipero scopulori-Pinion (ponderosae) scopulori or in the wetest areas by the meso-macroforests supra-orotemperates of Rocky Mountain Douglas-fir of the alliance Pseudotsugion glaucae (Piceo-Pseudotsugetalia glaucae). In the supra- and oromediterranean oceanic pluviseasonal territories of the Sierra Nevada-Transcascadian biogeographical sector (Californian region), just the west boundary of Intermountain province, the vegetation of the classis Artemisio-Juniperetea osteospermae is replaced by the more oceanic and humid forests communities of the classis Calocedro-Pinetea jeffreyi. In the mafic or femic soils, or in dry and lower subhumid areas, the mesoforests belong to the Junipero-Pinetalia jeffreyi whereas in the more humid ombrotypes take place the forests of the Abietetalia magnifico-lowianae order. In the Pino-Juniperetalia osteospermae order can be recognized four alliances of different territorial distribution: 1. Junipero osteospermae-Pinion monophyllae (Intermountain province and Wyoming Basins sector), 2. Pinion edulis (Neomexican-Arizonian Middlelands and Colorado High Plateau provinces and also as relict or topographic permanents communities in the Centralwest and East Rocky Mountain biogeographical provinces), 3. Juniperion occidentalis (Columbian Plateau province). Provisionally, they are also included in this order with alliance rank (4. Pinion longaevae) the long-lived bristlecone pine communities, that form the edaphoxerophilous microforests of the Great Basin in the upper oromediterranean belt, from White e Inyo Mountains in California to South Wasatch in the Utah West Rocky Mountains sector. Bioclimatical diagnosis: Ic > 21, Itc < 210, Tp 450-1500, Io 1.1-2.2(2.5). Typus nominis: Junipero osteospermae-Pinion monophyllae alliancia nova hoc loco. Characteristic species: Cercocarpus ledifolius var. ledifolius, Cercocarpus ledifolius var. intermontanus, Chamaebatiaria millefolium, Chrysothamnus viscidiflorus subsp. viscidiflorus, Juniperus monosperma, Juniperus osteosperma, Pinus edulis var. fallax, Ribes velutinus, Symphoricarpos longiflorus.
1. Junipero osteospermae-Pinion monophyllae alliancia nova hoc loco Supra- and oromediterranean continental dry and semiarid Pinus monophylla and Juniperus osteosperma microforests more or less open that form tangel humus; widespread in the mountains and high plateaus of the Intermountain biogeographical province which reach in the north end the Colorado Plateau province in the Wyoming Basins sector) (Nevada, California, Idaho, Utah, Wyoming, Montana). Because of alterations due to fires, wood cutting and grazing, they are replaced by steppic dwarf shrublands or "matorrales" of the Artemisietalia tridentatae order. Three associations of different area and floristic pattern can be recognized in the alliance. In the high Green River and Bighorn and locally in Montana(Wyoming Basins sector), the Juniperus osteosperma (Utah juniper) microforests lack pinyon pines (Pinus monophylla and Pinus edulis) although they usually hold as tree limber pine (Pinus flexilis), and Artemisia tridentata subsp. wyomingensis in the understory, but the Wyoming big sagebrush has its optimum in the open substitution stages: 1c. Pino flexilis-Juniperetum osteospermae, that may be consider as an intermediate association between Pinion monophyllae and Pinion edulis alliances. In the Intermountain province there are two more associations having as main tree Pinus monophylla, intermountain element (Nevada and Salt Lake High Basins) that also find a secondary optimum in South Californian Ranges sector. 1b. Junipero australis-Pinetum monophyllae, it is a subcontinental association, territorially characterized by Juniperus occidentalis subsp. australis, that grows in the transition areas with the Californian Sierra Nevada-Transcascadian sector towards the Pinion jeffreyi alliance mesoforests. 1a. Junipero osteospermae-Pinetum monophyllae, is a more continental Pinyon-Juniper woodland community, always with Juniperus osteosperma, that reppresent the nomenclatural association type of the alliance, and it is widespread found in every xeric mountains and high plateaus of the Nevada High Basin and Great Salt Lake Desert sectors, from Utah to California. Bioclimatical diagnosis: Ic > 21, Itc < 210, Tp 600-1500, Io 1.1-2.2(2.5). Typus nominis: Junipero osteospermae-Pinetum nomophyllae associatio nova hoc loco. Characteristic species: Ephedra nevadensis, Fallugia paradoxa, Pinus monophylla, Prunus fasciculata, Purshia glandulosa, Ribes lasianthum, Rhus trilobata var. simplicifolia.
1a. Junipero osteospermae-Pinetum monophyllae associatio nova hoc loco Supra- and oromediterranean continental dry and semiarid open microforest association, that represents the climatophilous vegetation stage in the intermountain Great Basin Juniper-Pinyon woodland of the High Nevada Basin and Great Salt Lake Desert sectors (Nevada, Idaho, California and Utah). As substitution seral vegetation is replaced by the big sagebrush community of Festuco idahoensis-Artemisietum tridentatae. Going to the northwest from Nevada to Oregon both Juniperus osteosperma and Pinus monophylla disappear and they are repplaced by the western juniper, Juniperus occidentalis subsp. occidentalis (Juniperetum occidentalis), that occasionaly grows in the western territory of the Harney Basin sector with Cupressus bakeri or Pinus ponderosa var.ponderosa. Bioclimatical diagnosis: Ic 22-30, Tp 600-1500, Io 1.1-2.2. Relevé typus: Rivas-Martínez reg. num. 1995d: 58, 29.08.1995, achieved with Dr. M. Costa. Site: Juba County (Utah), hillock between Eureka and Silver City, 39º58'N-112º12'W, surface 200 m2, altitude 1780 m, orientation S, inclination 20%. Physiognomy and habitat: juniper-pinyon woodland microforest with grasses in the understory, 6-8 m high and 50 cm trunk diameter, sandy tangel cambisol on coluvial granitics sediments; adjacent seral vegetation in the series (sigmetum): Artemisia tridentata community (Festuco idahoensis-Artemisietum tridentatae). Stimate bioclimatic factors: Mediterranean xeric continental, lower eucontinental (Ic ~ 28.0), upper supramediterranean (Tp ~ 1.150), upper semiarid (Io ~ 1.9). Biogeographical location: Great Basin region, Intermountain province, Great Salt Lake Desert sector. Floristic combination: Artemisio tridentatae-Juniperetea osteospermae characteristic species: 4 Juniperus osteosperma, 3 Pinus monophylla, 2 Artemisia tridentata subsp. tridentata, 2 Oryzopsis hymenoides, 2 Pascopyrum smithii, 1 Chrysothamnus viscidiflorus subsp. viscidiflorus, 1 Ephedra viridis, 1 Poa fendleriana; companion species: 2 Opuntia fragilis, 1 Bromus tectorum, 1 Schizachyrium scoparium.
1b. Junipero australis-Pinetum monophyllae associatio nova hoc loco Supra- and oromediterranean continental (subcontinental) dry and semiarid open microforest association, distinguished by the coexistence of Pinus monophylla y Juniperus occidentalis subsp. australis, that represents the climatophilous vegetation of the optimal dynamic stage in the High Nevada Basin sector close to the boundary with the Sierra Nevada-Transcascadian sector (Junipero australis-Pinetum jeffreyi) of the North Californian province (Nevada and California). As substitution seral vegetation is replaced by the big and Vasey sagebrush community, Artemisia tridentata subsp. tridentata and Artemisia tridentata subsp. vaseyana com. (Artemision tridentatae). Bioclimatical diagnosis: Ic 21-23, Tp 600-1200, Io 1.8-2.2(2.5). Relevé typus: Rivas-Martínez reg. num. 1995c: 46, 27.07.1995, achieved with Dr. F.Alcaraz, J. Delgadillo & M. Peinado. Site: Mono County (California), slope between Monitor Pass and Virgil Spring, 38º40'N-119º36'W, surface 200 m2, altitude 2200 m, orientation SE, inclination 35%. Physiognomy and habitat: pinyon-juniper microforest with dwarf-shrub understory, 4-7 m high and 100 cm trunk diameter, ranker tangel on igneus rhyolite rockbed; adjacent seral vegetation in the series (sigmetum): Artemisia vaseyana-Artemisia tridentata community. Stimate bioclimatic factors: Mediterranean xeric continental, lower subcontinental (Ic ~ 21.5), lower oromediterranean (Tp ~ 700), lower dry (Io ~ 2.2). Biogeographical location: boundary between Great Basin region, Intermountain province, High Nevada Basin sector and Sierra Nevada-Transcascadian sector of the Californian region. Floristic combination:Artemisio tridentatae-Juniperetea osteospermae characteristic species: 5 Pinus monophylla, 3 Juniperus occidentalis subsp. australis, 3 Purshia tridentata, 2 Artemisia tridentata subsp. tridentata, 2 Ribes lasianthum, 2 Stipa comata, 1 Ephedra viridis, 1 Tetradymia comosa; companion species: 2 Symphoricarpos rotundifolius var. parishii, 1 Artemisia tridentata subsp. vaseyana, 1 Hordeum jubatum, 1 Phacelia congesta, 1 Ribes roezlii.
1c. Pino flexilis-Juniperetum osteospermae associatio nova hoc loco Supra- and oromediterranean xeric continental dry and semiarid open microforest association, that represent the natural potential climatic vegetation (the stable end stage in the ecological succesion) in the high Green River and Bighorn Basin sector of the Wyoming Basins (Wyoming, Montana) (Colorado Plateau province, Great Basin region). Going up in the mountains surrounding Bighorn Basin the Utah juniper-limber pine community (Pino flexilis-Juniperetum osteospermae) give up in the lower orotemperate dry xeric belt to Pinus flexilis-Pseudotsuga glauca community (Pseudotsugion glaucae), and going on in altitude into the upper orotemperate continental belt to Abies bifolia-Picea engelmannii forest community (Piceon engelmannii). A significant fact of the territories where this association grows, is as differential character opposed to the rest of the associations of the alliance Pinion monophyllae, that in the adjacent riparian vegetation catena grows Populus deltoides subsp. monilifera (Populus occidentalis) (Populetum monilifero-angustifoliae), in place of Populus fremontii (Populetum fremontii, Populetum trichocarpo-fremontii) as happen in the rest of the territories belonging to Junipero osteospermae-Pinion monophillae sigmion. As substitution seral vegetation is replaced by the Wyoming big sagebrush community (Artemisietum wyomingensis). Bioclimatical diagnosis: Ic 25-32, Tp 800-1200, Io 1.2-2.2. Relevé typus: Rivas-Martínez reg. num. 1994b: 51, 04.09.1994, achieved with Dr. M. Costa. Site: Carbon County (Montana), hill slopes near Warren, 45º05'N-108º35'W, surface 200 m2, altitude 1370 m, orientation W, inclination 30%. Physiognomy and habitat: Utah juniper-limber pine woodland microforests with grass and dwarf shrubs in the understory, 4-8 m high and 70 cm trunk diameter, tangel rendzina or lithosol on calcarenite bedrock; adjacent edaphohygrophilous riparian forest vegetation: Populus angustifolia-Populus deltoides subsp. monilifera community (Populetum monilifero-angustifoliae), seral vegetation in the succession serie (sigmetum): Artemisia tridentata subsp. wyomingensis-Artemisia nova community (Artemisietum wyomingensis). Stimate bioclimatic factors: Mediterranean xeric steppic continental, eucontinental (Ic ~ 30.0), upper supramediterranean (Tp ~ 1100), upper semiarid (Io ~ 1.5). Biogeographical location: Great Basin region, Colorado Plateau province, Wyoming Basins sector. Floristic combination: Artemisio tridentatae-Juniperetea osteospermae characteristic species: 5 Juniperus osteosperma, 2 Artemisia tridentata subsp. wyomingensis, 2 Opuntia polycantha, 1 Artemisia nova, 1 Chrysothamnus nauseosus subsp. graveolens, 1 Pascopyrum smithii, + Phlox muscoides; territorial characteristic species (t) and companion species: 2 Festuca saximontana, 2 Pinus flexilis (t), + Bromus tectorum, + Sphaeralcea coccinea.
2. Pinion edulis alliancia nova hoc loco Xeric open microforests where are common Pinus edulis and several species of Juniperus (J. osteosperma, J. monosperma, J. scopulorum), that form tangel humus in the soils, growing principally in the supra and oromediterranean continental steppic dry and semiarid belt of the High Colorado Plains (excluding Wyoming Basins sector) and Central Arizonian-Neomexican biogeographical provinces. Also they can be found as relicts in the interior valleys of the East and Centralwest Rocky Mountain provinces (Utah, Colorado, Arizona and New Mexico). Due to antrhopozoic alterations they are replaced by dwarf shrublands steppes or "matorrals", belonging to the Artemision tridentatae alliance, or by the ones of the Atripicion confertifolio-gardnerii (Artemisietalia tridentatae) alliance particularly on clay compact subsalines or gypsiferous soils. There are two main associations in this alliance: 2a. Junipero osteospermae-Pinetum edulis, widespread in the sectors: Green River and Colorado Canyons, Navajo and San Juan Basin, Mogollon Mountains and High Gila River Basin; 2b. Junipero monospermae-Pinetum edulis, which has it major representation in the Grand River Middle Basin, as well as in the south cisrocosian territories of the Texan Prairies sector and adjacent areas. Bioclimatical diagnosis: Ic 2.4-3.2, Tp 800-1500, Io 1.3-2.2(2.5). Typus nominis: Junipero osteospermae-Pinetum edulis associatio nova hoc loco. Characteristic species: Fraxinus anomala, Mahonia fremonti, Pinus edulis var. edulis, Quercus gambelii (t), Sepherdia rotundifolia.
2a. Junipero osteospermae-Pinetum edulis associatio nova hoc loco Mediterranean xeric continental steppic, open climatophilous microforest where the dominant trees are the bifoliate pinyon pine (Pinus edulis) and the Utah juniper (Juniperus osteosperma). It is widespread distributed in the Great Basin Region, particularly in Green River and Colorado Canyons, Navajo and San Juan Basin (Colorado Plains), Mogollon Rim Mountains biogeographical sectors, and also feet of the mountains and not very high slopes of Gila High Basin sector (Central Arizonian-Neomexican province), in the supramediterranean and lower oromediterranean semiarid and lower dry steppics belts. In dry ombrotypes the woodlands usually have Quercus gambelii (Junipero-Pinetum edulis quercetosum gambelii subasociation or Querco gambelii-Pinetum edulis). Going up in the Rocky Mountains, between Utah and Colorado States (West Rocosian sector), in the supraoromediterranean pluviseasonal dry belt Junipero osteospermae-Pinetetum edulis quercetosum gambelii gives up completely in the presence of Pinus ponderosa var. scopulorum pinewoods with Quercus gambelii in the undestorey (Querco gambelii-Pinetum scopulori: Junipero scopulori-Pinion scopulori). Bioclimatical diagnosis: Ic 25-32, Tp 800-1400, Io 1.3-2.2. Relevé typus: Rivas-Martínez reg. num. 1996a: 4, 05.03.1996. Site: San Juan County (Utah), West Coyote Creek near La Sal Junction, 38º15'N-109º20'W, surface 200 m2, altitude 1820 m, orientation SW, inclination 20%. Physiognomy and habitat: juniper-pinyon woodland or microforest with scrubs and grass in the understory, 6-9 m high and 50 cm trunk diameter, tangel luvisol on sandstone bedrocks; adjacent seral vegetation in the series (sigmetum): Artemisia tridentata community (Artemision tridentatae). Stimate bioclimatic factors: Mediterranean xeric continental steppic, lower eucontinental (Ic ~ 30.0), upper supramediterranean (Tp ~ 1100), upper semiarid (Io ~ 1.9). Biogeographical location: Great Basin region, Colorado Plateu province, Green River and Colorado Canyons sector. Floristic combination: Artemisio-Juniperetea osteospermae characteristic species: 4 Pinus edulis, 3 Juniperus osteosperma, 2 Artemisia tridentata, 2 Stipa comata, 1 Cercocarpus ledifolius var. intermontanus, 1 Chrysothamnus viscidiflorus, 1 Ephedra viridis, 1 Fraxinus anomala, 1 Opuntia polyacantha, + Purshia tridentata, + Yucca harrimaniae; companion species: 1 Coleogyne ramosissima, 1 Gutierrezia sarothrae, + Holodiscus dumosus.
2b. Junipero monospermae-Pinetum edulis associatio nova hoc loco Mediterranean xeric continental steppic open climatophilous microforest, where the most frecuent trees are: Pinus edulis and Juniperus monosperma and occasionally Juniperus scopulorum, widespread distributed in the Arizonian-Neomexican province. It has the northwestern border in Fremont County, not far from Canon City at Arkansas River (subass. pinetosum scopulori), and the northern one in the high plains of the Texan Prairie sector adjacent to Colorado Springs. In this territories the summer rains governed by Caribean cyclones mask the mediterranean character many years, being then statistically warm xeric submediterranean. In the High Arkansas, Buena Vista Valley (Colorado-South Rocosian sector), the climatophilous Pinus edulis copses, do not have the classis characteristics (Juniperus monosperma, Artemisia tridentata subsp. tridentata, Stipa comata, etc.) and has the ones of the Junipero scopulori-Pinion scopulori (Pinus ponderosa var. scopulorum, Juniperus scopulorum, Artemisia tridentata subsp. vaseyana, Artemisia cana, etc.), what allows to anticipate the existence of a relict rocosian climatophilous series headed by Pinetum scopulori-edulis (inedit.) micro-mesoforests of which ecotone is the pinetosum scopulori (inedit.) subass. of the association we are working in. Bioclimatical diagnosis: Ic 24-28, Tp 800-1500, Io 1.4-2.2(2.5). Relevé typus: Rivas-Martínez reg. num. 1996a: 25, 07.03.1996. Site: Fremont County (Colorado), between Penrose and Canon City, 38º25'N-105º05'W, surface 200 m2, altitude 1630 m, orientation S, inclination 10%. Physiognomy and habitat: juniper-pynion woodland or microforest with scrubs and grass in the understory, 5-8 m high and 50 cm trunk diameter, tangel luvisol on colluvial deposits; adjacent seral vegetation in the series (sigmetum): Bouteloua gracilis-Yucca glauca community, edaphohygrophilous riparian forest vegetation Populus angustifolia-Populus deltoides subsp. monilifera community (Populetum monilifero-angustifoliae). Stimate bioclimatic factors: Mediterranean xeric continental, upper subcontinental (Ic ~ 26.0), upper supramediterranean (Tp ~ 1350), lower dry (Io ~ 2.1). Biogeographical location: Great Basin region, Neomexican-Arizonian Middleland province, Texan Praieries sector. Floristic combination: 4 Pinus edulis, 2 Juniperus monosperma, 2 Stipa comata, + Artemisia tridentata, + Chrysothamnus nauseosus subsp. graveolens, + Cowania stansburyana; companion species: 2 Yucca glauca, 1 Amelanchier utahensis, 1 Atriplex canescens 1 Bouteloua gracilis, 1 Cercocarpus montanus, 1 Juniperus scopulorum, + Buchloe dactyloides, + Opuntia whipplei, + Rhus trilobata.
3. Juniperion occidentalis alliancia nova hoc loco Generally open xeric microforests where Oregon junipers are dominant (Juniperus occidentalis subsp. occidentalis), but lacks pinyon pines (Pinus monophylla, Pinus edulis) and Utah junipers (Juniperus osteosperma), basic characteristic species of the other alliances (Junipero osteospermae-Pinion monophyllae, Pinion edulis) of Pino edulis-Juniperetalia osteospermae order. They have their main representation in the Harney Basin sector of Columbian Plateau biogeographical province, in supramediterranean xeric subcontinental semiarid lacking in steppic nuance belt, that is to say with higher winter than summer rainfall (Oregon, California, Nevada, Idaho). They grow on very different soils and they are tangel humus producers. The Juniperus occidentalis (Juniperetum occidentalis) woodlands usually have the Cupressus bakeri endemism on certain ultrabasic eruptive Oregonian and Californian soils, this suggests that they must form in the future a mafic edaphoxerophilous little continental series (Cupresso bakeri-Juniperetum occidentalis inedit.). The only asociation which is described in this alliance is 3.1 Juniperetum occidentalis, or Oregon juniper microforest that due to anthropozoic alterations or an aridity increase is replaced by Artemisia tridentata y Artemisia arbuscula (Artemision tridentatae). Bioclimatical diagnosis: Ic 21-28, Tp 900-1500, Io 1.2-2.0. Typus nominis: Junipero occidentalis associatio nova hoc loco. Characteristic species: Cupressus bakeri, Juniperus occidentalis.
3a. Juniperetum occidentalis associatio nova hoc loco Climatophilous not very dense microforests, having as tree element, dominant or exclusive, the Oregon juniper (Juniperus occidentalis var. occidentalis), widely distributed from California to Idaho in the Harney Basin biogeographic sector (Columbian Plateau province), in little continental territories with supramediterranean semiarid ombroclimate lacking steppe nuance. When the semiarid ombrotype becomes dry, these juniper woodlands include Pinus ponderosa var. ponderosa in the western less continental areas and Pinus ponderosa var. scopulorum in the eastern more continental, which represent the natural ecotone towards the alliances Junipero australis-Pinion jeffreyi and Junipero scopulori-Pinion scopulori, respectively. Bioclimatical diagnosis: Ic 21-28, Tp 900-1500, Io 1.2-2.0. Relevé typus: Rivas-Martínez reg. num. 1992e: 150, 28.08.1992. Site: Harney County (Oregon), hill slopes at Poison Creek near Burns, 42º50'N-119º00'W, surface 400 m2, altitude 1350 m, orientation SE, inclination 25%. Physiognomy and habitat: western juniper woodland or microforest with grass and dwarf shrubs in the understory 8-11 m high and 60 cm trunk diameter, tangel andosol on basalt bedrock; adjacent edaphohygrophilous forest vegetation (geosigmetum): Populus fremontii community (Populion fremontii), seral vegetation in succesion series (sigmetum): Artemisia tridentata-Artemisia arbuscula community (Artemision tridentatae). Stimate bioclimatic factors: Mediterranean xeric continental, subcontinental (Ic ~ 25.0), upper supramediterranean (Tp ~ 1050), upper semiarid (Io ~ 1.6). Biogeographical location: Great Basin region, Columbia Plateau province, Harney Basin sector. Floristic combination: Artemisio tridentatae-Juniperetea osteospermae. Characteristic species: 4 Juniperus occidentalis subsp. occidentalis, 2 Artemisia tridentata subsp. tridentata, 2 Cercocarpus ledifolius var. intermontanus, 2 Pascopyrum smithii, + Artemisia arbuscula, + Purshia tridentata. Companion species: 2 Chrysothamnus nauseosus subsp. nauseosus, 1 Amelanchier utahensis, 1 Bromus tectorum.
4. Pinion longaevae alliancia provisional From the known fossil data and the present day distribution of the vegetation geoseries (geosigmetum) it can be generalized that during the tardiglaciar and the lower holocene in the periglaciar territories of the northenr hemisphere, in Northamerica as well as in Eurasia, the climate must be very contrasted, rainyn in winter (in the glaciated areas) and with scarce rainfall in the warm period of the year. The bioclimate in those periods was therefore of mediterranean type. As it is known, the mediterranean pluviseasonal of a high mountain bioclimate (karakorum, Pamir, etc.) in equal positive summer temperature (Tps), is quite more favorable than the summer rainy one (boreal and temperate) for the conservation of the snow accumulated in the favourable year season, because of the effects of the albedo, of the night freezing by irradation, of the snow sublimation, etc. Such a bioclimatical situation has favored and favors notably the climatophilous vegetation of fructicose steppe type and, depending on the positive summer temperature (Tps) and the ombrotype (Io), they have trees and form tangel humus. Since then, in the territories maintaining the bioclimatical conditions commented before, there are actual or relic communities, of the mediterranean high mountain, for instance, in Europe, those belonging to the class Pino-Juniperetea or Festuco-Ononidetea striatae; and in North America those of the class Pinetea albicauli-flexilis (inedit.), Penstemono-Drabatea (inedit.) or Artemisio-Juniperetea osteospermae. Also in these continents, at least from the middle holocene, with a predominance of boreal and temperate bioclimates, with rainy summer, the forestal sciofilous vegetation, forming mull or mor, of the class Vaccinio-Picetea and Querco-Fagetea (Europe), Linnaeo-Picetea and Querco-Aceretea (North America), has displaced, totally or partially, the mediterranean vegetation of the steppe periglaciar meso-microforets of Pinus of the class Pinetea albicauli-flexilis (inedit.) of Pinus albicaulis, Pinus flexilis, Pinus stroboformis, Pinus longaeva, Pinus aristata and Pinus balfouriana, can be emphasized the vegetation of Pinus longaeva (Pinion logevae prov.), where can also be found Pinus flexilis, living nowadays in the high mountains of the Great Bassin, from California to Utah, where is still a oromediterranean or orosubmediterranean bioclimate. Characteristic species: Acer glabrum var. diffusum, Heuchera rubescens, Linanthus nuttallii, Pinus flexilis (t), Pinus longaeva.
4a. Pinetum longevae associatio provisional In the mountains of Panamint, in Inyo County (California), closing westwards the deserts of Death Valley, are altitudinally zoned, from Emigrant Pass of the Telescope Peak, the remains of several types of mediterranean xeric microforests, beginning with Pinus monophylla continue with Pinus flexilis, and near the tops, from 3100 m without pinion pines, in the upper oromediterranean upper semiarid belt that includes Pinus longaeva. In the highest crests between the Rogers (3046 m) and Telescope (3368) peaks, in the less eroded and more protected from the cryoturbation were biotopes annotated: Pinus longaeva, Pinus flexilis, Juniperus occidentalis var australis, Ribes cereum, Chamebatiaria millefolium, Artemisia tridentata subps. tridentata, Heuchera rubescens var pachypoda, Symphoricarpos longiflorus, etc. Forests of Pinus longaeva could also be studied on calco-dolomitic substrata in Inyo National Forest, in the Bristlecone Pine Forest between 3000 and 3300 m, in the upper oromediterranean lower dry belt. Bioclimatical diagnosis: Ic > 21, Tp 450-700, Io 1.7-2.5.
IVb. Artemisietalia tridentatae ordo novus hoc loco Dwarf-shrublands or "matorrals" where are usually common some nano and microphanerophytes of the genus Artemisia and Atriplex, particularly Artemisia tridentata or Atriplex gardnerii, which have their optimum in the Great Basin biogeographical region. They form climatophilous steppes communities in supra and oromediterranean desertic arid bioclimates and occasionally in really marked semiarid inferior ombroclimate (Io 0.6-1.1), they also represent permanent or substitution communities, of the open mediterranean xeric semiarid or lower dry microforests (Io 1.1-2.5) corresponding to Pino-Juniperetalia osteospermae order. Dwarf-shrub lands or "matorrals" where are usually common some nano- and micro-phanerophtes of the genus Artemisia and Atriplex, particularly Artemisia tridentata or Atriplex gardnerii, which have their optimum n the Great Basin biogeographic region. They form climatophilous steppes communities in supra- and oromediterranean desertic arid bioclimates and ocasionally in really marked semiarid inferior ombroclimate (Io 0.6-1.1) they also represent permanent or substitution communities, of the open mediterranean xeric semiarid or lower dry microforests (Io 1.1-2.5) corresponding to the Pino-Juniperetalia osteospermae order. By concentration of soluble salts in the bottom of the valleys, shores and endorreic areas, appear in the soils salic or natric saline horizons and gleic characters, preventing the development of shrub communities of this alliance, that are then substituted by halophilous continental shrub lands of Sarcobatus vermiculatus, or Allenrolfea occidentalis, or Sarcocornia utahensis in the temporarily inundated lands (Sarcobatetea vermiculati). Two community groups are recognized with different edaphic requirements, but lacking gleification and very saline natric or salic horizons. 5. Artemision tridentetae: communities on soils rich in calcite or dolomite, more or less clayed but without vertic character, with calcic, petrocalcic or gypsic horizons, (calcisols, calcic or petrocalcic andosols, etc.). 6. Atriplicion confertifolio-gardnerii: communities on vertisols, that is to say on deep clayey soils rich in smectitic expansible clays -generally corresponding to montmorillonites so that when they get dry they shrink and crack in an obvious way- wearing a high amount of alkali-terrean cations that by translocation of their carbonate salts can form calcic, petrocalcic or gypsis horizons. Bioclimatical diagnosis: Ic >21, Itc<210, Tp 600-1500, Io 0.6-1.1(2.5). Bioclimatical diagnosis: Ic > 21, Itc < 210, Tp 600-1500, Io 0.6-1.1(2.5). Typus nominis: Artemision tridentatae alliancia nova hoc loco Characteristic species: Artemisia tripartita subsp. tripartita, Chrysothamnus greenei, Chrysothamnus nauseosus subsp. salicifolius, Elymus elymoides, Elymus lanceolatus subsp. albicans, Ephedra cutleri, Ephedra torreyana, Guttierrezia sarothrae, Hilaria jamesii, Poa secunda, Tetradymia comosa.
5. Artemision tridentatae alliancia nova hoc loco Shrubs and scrubs dominated by species of the genus Artemisia, particularly Artemisia tridentata subsp. tridentata and Artemisia tridentata subsp. wyomingensis, constituting the climatophilous potential supramediterranean arid vegetation and also seral communities substituting the supra-oromediterranean semiarid-dry pine and juniper forests belonging to the order Pino-Juniperetalia osteospermae. They are developed on soils rich in calcite or dolomite, more or less deep or clayed, with calcic, petrocalcic or gypsic horizons (andosols, inceptisols, aridisols, etc.) but lacking expansible smectitic clays (Atriplicion confertifolio-gardnerii). Bioclimatical diagnosis: Ic > 21, Tp 600-1500, Io 0.6-1.1 (2.5). Typus nominis: Festuco idahoensis-Artemisietum tridentatae associatio nova hoc loco. Characteristic species: Antennaria dimorpha, Artemisia nova, Artemisia rigida, Artemisia tridentata subsp. tridentata, Artemisia tridentata subsp.wyomingensis, Artemisia tripartita subsp. rupicola, Calochortus aureus, Chrysothamnus ranseosus subsp. consimilis, Eriogonum niveum.
5a. Festuco idahoensis-Artemisietum tridentatae associatio nova hoc loco To this association, nomenclature type of the alliance, are referred a great amount of the shrub lands of the Great Basin in which are dominant Artemisia tridentata subsp. tridentata; as well as those representing the climacic supra-oromediterranean desertic or subdesertic vegetation (Io 0.6-1.1) of the Intermontane biogeographic province, and those having a seral meaning or first substitution stage of the semiarid or lower dry microforests (Io 1.1-2.2) of pinion pines and junipers (Pino edulis-Juniperetalia osteospermae) of the Intermontane and Colorado Highplateaus provinces, except the Wyoming Basins biogeographic sector, whose geovicarian shrub lands, more continental and steppy, has Artemisia tridentata subsp. wyomingensis (Artemisia wyomingensis). Is also considered a different association (Eriogono nivei-Artemisietum tridentatae) the primary or secondary shrub lands (Juniperetum occidentalis) of Artemisia tridentata subsp. tridentata of the Columbian Plateau biogeographic province. When the ombrotermic index increases (Io 2.5-4.0) the substitution shrub lands of the supra-oromediterranean and temperate xeric rocosian series (Junipero scopulori-Pinion scopulori), are shorter and have Artemisia tridentata subsp. vaseyana. Bioclimatical diagnosis: Ic 21-28, Tp 600-1500, Io 0.6-2.2. Relevé typus: Rivas-Martínez reg. num. 1996 b: 9, 27.08.1996, achieved with Dr. Sánchez-Mata. Site: Elko County (Nevada), West slopes of Independence Mountain near Wells, 41º10'N-114º50'W, surface 100 m2, altitude 1830 m, orientation NO, inclination 10%. Physiognomy and habitat: sagebrush steppe with grass, 130 cm high, on geliturbate calcisol; adjacent climax vegetation in the serie juniper-pinyon microforest (Junipero osteospermae-Pinetum monophyllae). Stimate bioclimatic factors: Mediterranean xeric continental, subcontinental (Ic ~ 26.0), upper supramediterranean (Tp ~ 950), upper semiarid (Io ~ 1.6). Biogeographical location: Great Basin region, Intermountain province, High Nevada Basin sector. Floristic combination: Artemisio-Juniperetea osteospermae characteristic species: 4 Artemisia tridentata subsp. tridentata, 3 Erigeron pumilus var. intermedius, 2 Chrysothamnus nauseosus subsp. salicifolius, 2 Festuca idahoensis, 2 Phlox muscoides, 1 Stipa comata, + Purshia stansburyana; companion species: 1 Taeniatherum caput-medusae.
5b. Artemisietum-wyomingensis associatio nova hoc loco Climatophilous or seral shrub lands (Io < 1.1) coming from the microforests flexible pines and Utah junipers (Pino flexilis-Juniperetum osteospermae), in which is abundant and characteristic Artemisia tridentata subsp. wyomingensis, often accompanied by other species of the genus Artemisia (Artemisia nova, Artemisia tripartita subsp. rupicola, Artemisia cana, Artemisia arbuscula, etc.) Its is widely distributed in the Wyoming Basins biogeographic sector of the upper supramediterranean and lower oromediterranean continental upper arid, semiarid or lower dry bioclimatical belts. Bioclimatical diagnosis: Ic 25-32, Tp 800-1300, Io 0.8-2.5. Relevé typus: Rivas-Martínez reg. num. 1994 b: 48, 04.09.1994, achieved with Dr. M. Costa. Site: Carbon County (Montana), hill slopes near Warren, 45º05'N-108º35'W, surface 100 m2, altitude 1350 m, orientation SW, inclination 30%. Physiognomy and habitat: Wyoming sagebrush shrubland steppe with grass, 100 cm high, lithosol on calcarenite bedrock, adjacent natural potential vegetation microforest: Pino flexilis-Juniperetum osteospermae, edaphohygrophilous riparian vegetation: Populus angustifolia-Populus deltoides subsp. molinifera community. Stimate bioclimatic factors: Mediterranean xeric steppic continental, eucontinental (Ic ~ 30.0), upper supramediterranean (Tp ~ 1100), upper semiarid (Io ~ 1.5). Biogeographical location: Great Basin region, Colorado Plateau province, Wyoming Basins sector. Floristic combination: Artemisio tridentatae-Juniperetea osteospermae characteristic species: 5 Artemisia tridentata subsp. wyomingensis, 3 Artemisia nova, 2 Chrysothamnus nauseosus subsp. graveolens, 2 Opuntia polycantha, 2 Pascopyrum smithii, 1 Artemisia tripartita subsp. rupicola, 1 Elymus lanceolatus subsp. albicans, 1 Phlox muscoides.
5c. Eriogono nivei-Artemisietum tridentatae associatio nova hoc loco Climatophilous shrub land of Artemisia tridentata subsp. tridentata and Purshia tridentata growing on petrocalcic inceptisols in the continental supramediterranean territories (subcontinental) of arid or lower semiarid ombroclimate (Io 0.8-1.1), with maximum rainfall in winter, of the Columbian Plateau province (Great Basin). These open geliturbated shrub lands can have also a secondary or seral meaning with relation to the supramediterranean xeric continental semiarid and dry microforests (Io 1.1-2.5) of the association Juniperetum occidentalis (Juniperion occidentalis) from the same biogeographic area. Boclimatical diagnosis: Ic < 21, Tp 800-1500, Io 0.8-2.5. Relevé typus: Rivas-Martínez reg. num. 1994b: 5, 30.08.1994, achieved with Dr. Costa. Site: Yakima County (Washington), hills of Burbank Valley, Umtanum Ridge, 46º40'N-120º25'W, surface 100 m2, altitude750 m, orientation E, inclination 20%. Physiognomy and habitat: big sagebrush shrubland with grass, 200 cm high, on geliturbate petrocalcic inceptisol; edaphohygrophilous riparian forest vegetation in the territory: Populus trichocarpa community. Stimate bioclimatic factors: Mediterranean xeric continental, subcontinental (Ic ~ 24.0), upper supramediterranean (Tp ~ 1050), lower semiarid (Io ~ 1.1). Biogeographical location: Great Basin region, Columbian Plateau province, Middle Columbian Basin sector. Floristic combination: Artemisio-Juniperetea osteospermae characteristic species: 3 Artemisia tridentata subsp. tridentata, 3 Pseudoroegneria spicata, , 3 Purshia tridentata, 2 Erigonum niveum, 2 Festuca idahoensis, 1 Calochortus macrocarpus, 1 Coryphanta missourensis, 1 Chrysothamnus nauseosus subsp. consimilis, 1 Pascopyrum smithii, 1 Poa secunda; companion species: 1 Agropyrum fragile subsp. sibiricum.
6. Atriplicion confertifolio-gardnerii alliancia nova hoc loco Short shrub lands (<1.5m), in witch are predominant several species of the genus Atriplex (Chenopodiaceae), constituting climatophilous supramediterranean arid communities (Io 0.6-1.1) or those substituting microforests of the order Pino-Juniperetalia osteospermae in semiarid territories (Io 1.1-2.5). They are developed on calcic, petrocalcic, or gypsic vertisols, weakly cohesive and geliturbated, rich in expansible smectitic clays, generally montmorillonites, that when they get dry shrink and crack. They have their best representation in the supramediterranean continental steppic arid and semiarid belt of the Colorado High Plateaus biogeographic province. For the moment is is described only as an association, Atriplicetum confertifolio-gardneri, having a good representation in the Wyoming Basins sector. Bioclimatical diagnosis: Ic > 24, Tp 900-1500, Io 0.6-2.5. Typus nominis: Atriplicetum confertifoliae associatio nova hoc loco. Characteristic species: Artemisia pygmaea, Artemisia spinescens, Atriplex confertifolia, Atriplex corrugata, Atriplex gardnerii, Ephedra cutleri.
6a. Atriplicetum confertifolio--gardnerii associatio nova hoc loco Short shrub lands, formed mainly by Atriplex confertifolia and Atriplex gardneri, growing on geliturbated vertisols or inceptisols of smectitic clays, in supramediterranean xeric continental steppic arid or semiarid bioclimates in the Great Basin region, mainly in the Colorado High Plateaus biogeographic province. They represent potential climatophilous vegetation in territories of pronounced arid or lower semiarid ombrotype (Io 0.8-1.2) or in more rainy territories (Io 1.2-2.2) the seral stages of open microforests (Pino-Juniperetalia osteospermae). Bioclimatical diagnosis: Ic 27-33, Tp 900-1400, Io 0.8-2.2. Relevé typus: Rivas-Martínez reg. num. 1994b: 42, 04.09.1994, achieved with Dr. M. Costa. Site: Big Horn County (Wyoming), hills close to Dry Creek, 5 miles north Greybull, 44º35'N-108º10'W, surface 100 m2, altitude 1280 m, orientation SE, inclination 10%. Physiognomy and habitat: shadscale and Gardner saltbush steppe, 30 cm high, on geliturbate and clayturbate calcic vertisol; edaphohygrophilous riparian forest vegetation in the territory: Populus angustifolia-Populus deltoides subsp. monilifera community, alkali salic solonchak vegetation: Sarcobatetum vermiculati. Stimate bioclimatic factors: Mediterranean xeric continental, eucontinental (Ic ~ 32.0), steppic, upper supramediterranean (Tp ~ 1100), lower semiarid (Io ~ 1.2). Biogeographical location: Great Basin region, Colorado Plateau province, Wyoming Basins sector, Bighorn subsector. Floristic combination: Artemisio-Juniperetea osteospermae characteristic species: 3 Atriplex confertifolia, 2 Atriplex gardneri, 1 Artemisia spinescens, 1 Chrysothamnus nauseosus subsp. graveolens, + Opuntia poyiacantha, + Oryzopsis hymenoides; companion species: 2 Agropyrum fragile subsp. sibiricum, + Krascheninnikovia lanata, + Sarcobatus vermiculatus.
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