Syntaxonomical Synopsis of the potential natural plant communities of North America, ISalvador Rivas-MartínezItinera Geobotánica 10: 5-148 (1997) |
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I Heteromelo arbutifoliae-Quercetea agrifoliae.
I. Heteromelo arbutifoliae-Quercetea agrifoliae Rivas-Martínez 1997
I. Heteromelo arbutifoliae-Quercetea agrifoliae classis nova hoc loco
Mesoforests, woodlands and bushlands (chaparral, oak and evergreen oak woods) of the Californian biogeographical region, that grow on all types of bedrocks soils in pluviseasonal mediterranean and xeric oceanic mediterranean bioclimate territories, in the infra, thermo and mesomediterranean, semiarid, dry and subhumid bioclimate belts. They form climatophilous or slightly edaphohygrophilous, sclerophyllous or marcescent mesoforests or woodlands in dry and subhumid ombroclimate territories (Quercetalia agrifolio-wislizenii), whereas on the ultramafic soils grow the serpentinic chaparral rich in stenoicous endemisms (Quercion duratae). In the same areas of dry and subhumid ombroclimate, they form as seral stages bushlands and pyrophitic chaparral (Quercion frutescenti-dumosae, Adenostomion fasciculati); whereas in the semicontinental semiarid territories (Io 1.0-2.0, Ic 18-21) from Great Valley to Baja California North Ranges, can be found as climax the mixed junipers or pine-pinyons-chaparral (Querco turbinellae-Juniperetum californicae, Adenostomo sparsifolii-Pinetum quadrifoliae: Juniperion californicae ?). Finally in semiarid infra and thermomediterranean ombroclimate of the South California province, the evergreen chaparral (Malosmion laurinae) and the dominated by succulents and caulirrosulous plants (Aesculion parryi), represent as well the climatophilous as the permanent or seral communities. Bioclimatical diagnosis: Ic < 21, Io 0.9-5.0, Itc 200-480. The structural and bioclimatical geosynvicariant phytosociological vegetation classis known in the Earth are: 1. Quercetea ilicis Br.-Bl. 1936, West and East Mediterranean subregions of the Holoartic kingdom (South Europe and North Africa), 2. Pruno-Lauretea azoricae Oberdorfer ex Rivas-Martínez & al. 1977, Canarian subregion of the Holartic kingdom (Europe: Canary, Madeira and Azores Islands), 3. Lithreo causticae -Cryptocaryetea albae Oberdorfer 1960, Central Chile region of the Neotropical-Australamerican kingdom (South America: Chile). Remarks: The natural vegetation that replaces the mediterranean Californian climatophilous communities of Heteromelo-Quercetea agrifoliae (evergreen oak woods and chaparral) and Calocedro-Pinetea jeffreyi (pine and fir forests) classis, when important ombro-thermoclimatic modifications take place can be summarized in the following way. Towards Baja California tropical desertic oceanic bioclimate (Ic < 15, Io < 1.0, Itc > 440), south side of parallel 30º in the inside subtropical areas in transition with the inframediterranean ones, the semiarid mediterranean bushy chaparral, rich in succulent and caulirosulous species of the Agavion shawii (Heteromelo-Quercetea agrifoliae), give up in presence of the spectacular desertic high columnar sarcocaulescent formations of Idrio-Pachycormion pubescentis (Prosopido torreyanae-Fouquierietea splendentis). In warm continental desertic bioclimate (Ic > 20, Io < 1.2, Itc > 450, Tp > 2500), where summer precipitations are higher than winter ones, as generally happen in the Arizona Deserts transposed the Colorado River (Sonoran biogeographic province), in the original natural potential vegetation landscape, are frequents the open bushy desertic and semidesertic formations rich in columnar cacti of the Parkinsonio floridae-Carnegion giganteae (Prosopido torreyanae-Fouquierietea splendentis). In areas with continental desertic mediterranean bioclimate (Ic > 20, Io < 1.1, Itc < 450), that is the territories where winter rains are higher than summer ones, as in Mojave Desert (Mojavean biogeographical province), the desertic and semidesertic formations of caulirrosulous plants, sometimes columnar tree-shaped, of the Yuccion brevifoliae or dwarf bushy of Larreo-Coleogynion ramosissimae predominate in the natural original vegetation lanscape, as the same time as the chaparral of Adenostomo-Rhamnetalia croceae order disappear. In the humid or perhumid meso and supramediterranean bioclimate belt of the Californian Coastal Ranges and Sierra Nevada, the evergreen oak woods and chaparral of the Heteromelo-Quercetea agrifoliae are replaced by the mixed conifers and broad leaved macroforests of the supra and oromediterranean vegetation communities of the Calocedro-Pinetea jeffreyi classis. In the North Coastal biogeographical sector, evergreen oak woods of the Quercion agrifoliae give up in presence of the macro and megaforest of the Arbuto menziesii-Lithocarpion densiflori alliance, at least from the peroceanic upper subhumid upper mesomediterranean horizon, where depending on the depth of the soil the evergreen costal lived oak mesoforests of Lithocarpo-Quercetum agrifoliae alternate with the tall Sequoia forests (Lithocarpo-Sequoietum sempervirentis). In semicontinental interior highland territories, the mesoforest of the Quercion douglasio-wislizenii give way in supramediterranean dry to humid bioclimatic belt, between 700 m and 1300 m depending on the latitude, to mixed macro and megaforests of the Querco kelloggii-Abietion lowianae alliance; while upon silicon ultramafic soils, and in dry ombroclimate areas particularly leeward of high mountains, give up in presence of open meso and macroforests of the Junipero australis-Pinetalia jeffreyi order. Typus nominis: Quercetalia agrifolio-wislizenii ordo novus hoc loco. Characteristic species: Arctostaphylos pungens, Arctostaphylos viscida subsp. mariposa, Ceanothus cuneatus, Ceanothus papillosus, Ceanothus thyrsiflorus, Cercocarpus montanus var. glaber, Clematis lasiantha, Fremontodendron californicum, Garrya buxifolia, Garrya veatchii, Heteromeles arbutifolia, Keckiella antirrhinoides, Keckiella cordifolia, Keckiella ternata, Lonicera subspicata var. johnstonii, Marah macrocarpus, Melica imperfecta, Pentagrama triangularis subsp. viscosa, Pinus sabiniana, Quercus parvula, Sambucus mexicana, Sanicula arguta, Satureja douglasii, Stachys bullata.
Ia. Quercetalia agrifolio-wislizenii ordo novus hoc loco
Evergreen-sclerophyllous or marcescent mesoforests (evergreen oak woods and oak woods) typical of the thermo and mesomediteranean pluviseasonal oceanic dry and subhumid bioclimate (as an exception and by xeric mediterranean edafic compensation) of the Californian biogeographical region. In general, they represent the mature stages or climax of the climatophilous series, although they tent to occupy edaphoxerophilous habitats in the hyperoceanic areas of the Californian North Coastal sector. In the Great Valley sector and South Coastal subsector with semiarid ombroclimate (Io < 2.0) they make up permanent edaphohygrophilous communities of mesophitic habitats with deep temporarily hydromorphic soils. One group of climatophilous mesoforest communities prefers the peroceanic territories (Ic 5-15) of the North Coastal sector and Transverse Ranges subsector (Quercion agrifoliae); other types of forests have their optimum in euoceanic or semicontinentals ones (Ic 13-21) of the Great Valley sector of the North Californian biogeographical province (Quercion douglasio-wislizenii). Bioclimatical diagnosis: Ic < 21, Io 2.0-5.0, Itc 200-400. Typus nominis: Quercion agrifoliae alliancia nova hoc loco. Characteristic species: Aristolochia californica, Lonicera subspicata var. denudata, Quercus wislizenii var. wislizenii, Rubus ursinus.
1. Quercion agrifoliae alliancia nova hoc loco Peroceanic sclerophyllous or slightly euoceanic (Ic 5-15) woodlands, mesoforest or evergreen oak woods, where the coast live oak (Quercus agrifolia) is usually the preponderant tree and represents the mature stages of thermo or mesomediterranean pluviseasonal-oceanic dry-subhumid climatophilous series, in the Coastal Ranges of the Californian biogeographical region from River Russian basin, north side of San Francisco Bay, to San Pedro Mártir Ranges in Mexico (south side of the North Coastal sector and South Californian biogeographical province). These communities with forest vocation frecuently become grass-woodlands as a result of grazing, and when they grow in semiarid ombrobioclimate territories, as happens in some Californian areas of the South Coastal biogeographical sector, they tent to occupy the deep soils of the most mesophitic habitats at the foot of the mountains and the fresh shade slopes. In the Channel Islands subsector it seems to be (Philbrick & Haller, 1988) mesoforest remains of Quercus agrifolia (prov. Malosmo-Quercetum agrifoliae) on compensated deep soils as well as on other ones more xeric and very rich in paleoendemic local species as: Quercus tomentella, Lyonothamnus floribundus, Arctostaphylos insularis y Ceanothus arboreus (Lyonothamno-Quercetum tomentellae ?). Bioclimatical diagnosis: Ic 5-13, Io 2.0-5.0, Itc 230-400, Tp > 1550, Ts > 480. Typus nominis: Dryopterido argutae-Quercetum agrifoliae associatio nova hoc loco. Characteristic species: Lyonothamnus floribundus, Polystichum imbricans subsp. curtum, Quercus agrifolia, Quercus engelmannii, Quercus tomentella, Ribes quercetorum.
1a. Dryopterido argutae-Quercetum agrifoliae associatio nova hoc loco. Peroceanic or slightly euoceanic South Californian Ranges sector association, dry-subhumid mesomediterranean, that represents the climatophilous South Californian evergreen oak woods where Quercus agrifolia is preponderant and occasionally can be accompanied by California laurel (Umbellularia californica). Has their optimum in the coastal mountains from south side Santa Lucía Range, Monterrey county, to San Gabriel mountains over Los Angeles, Transverse Ranges subsector, and scattered is living untill San Pedro Martir Range in the North Baja California Ranges biogeographical subsector. In the warm foot of the mountain thermomediterranean areas, it becomes rich in southern Californian elements like Malosma laurina, Rhus integrifolia, Sambucus mexicana, etc., that probably, suggest the transition to the thermomediterranean Malosmo-Quercetum agrifoliae association of the South Coastal subsector that requires deep soils. On the north side of Salmon Creek, just in the begining of the North Coastal sector, the evergreen oak woods (Lithocarpo-Quercetum agrifoliae) usually grow in edaphoxerophilous position, alternating with the Sequoia and Madrone forests (Lithocarpo-Sequoietum sempervirentis), less thermic and more ombrophilous, where alredy grow: Lithocarpus densiflorus, Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii, Pinus ponderosa var. ponderosa, Arbutus menziesii, Quercus kelloggii, Quercus chrysolepis, Rhododendron macrophyllum, and other supramediterranean-forests typical elements of the Arbuto Lithocarpion densiflori (Calocedro-Pinetea jeffreyi). Bioclimatical diagnosis: Ic 5-15, Itc 210-350, Io 2.0-5.0. Relevé typus: Rivas-Martínez reg. num. 1995b:071; 30.07.1995, achieved with Drs. Alcaraz, Delgadillo & Peinado. Site: San Luis Obispo County (California), south Santa Lucía Range, hillock between Ciénaga Creek and Villa Creek, 35º35'N-120º55'W, surface 200 m2, altitude 500 m, orientation W, inclination 20%. Physiognomy and habitat: live oak evergreen mesoforest with Dryopteris arguta in the understory, 20 to 24 m high and 120 cm trunk diameter, sandy mull cambisol; adjacent seral vegetation in the serie (sigmetum): Rhamnus crocea-Quercus dumosa community, and Arctostaphylos glauca-Adenostoma fasciculatum "chaparral of chamizo" community. Stimate bioclimatic factors: pluviseasonal oceanic, peroceanic (Ic ~ 8.0), upper mesomediterranean (Itc ~ 240), lower subhumid (Io ~ 3.8). Biogeographical location: Californian region, South Californian province, South Californian Ranges sector. Floristic combination: Heteromelo-Quercetea agrifoliae characteristic species: 4 Quercus agrifolia, 2 Rubus ursinus, 1 Lonicera subspicata var. denudata, 1 Ribes quercetorum, 1 Satureja douglasii, + Heteromeles arbutifolia, + Quercus dumosa, + Rhamnus crocea. Differential (d) and companion species: 3 Dryopteris arguta (d), 3 Osmorhiza berteroi, 2 Bromus pacificus, 2 Elymus glaucus, 1 Holodiscus dumosus, 1 Umbellularia californica, + Agrostis oregonensis, Lonicera hispidula var. vacillans, + Vicia americana.
1b. Lithocarpo densiflori-Quercetum agrifoliae associatio nova hoc loco Californian North Coastal sector association of the coastal live oak mesoforests or evergreen oak woods with Quercus agrifolia, Lithocarpus densiflorus, Arbutus menziesii and Umbellularia californica as common trees, that from the north of Santa Lucía Range spreads to Russian river northside of San Francisco. It grows in the peroceanic upper mesomediterranean subhumid bioclimate, and on the deepest soils or in the rainiest areas it is replaced by sequoia megaforests (Lithocarpo-Sequoietum sempervirentis), and in southern territories (Transversal Ranges sector) less peroceanic and drier by the pure live oak woodlands (Dryopterido-Quercetum agrifoliae). Bioclimatical diagnosis: Ic 5-9, Itc 210-250, Io 3.0-5.0. Relevé typus: Rivas-Martínez reg. num. 1995b: 076, 30.07.1995, achieved with Drs. Alcaraz, Delgadillo & Peinado. Site: San Luis Obispo County (California), North Santa Lucía Range, Big Sur State Park, 36º15'N-121º55'W, surface 200 m2, altitude 250 m, orientation W, inclination 30%. Physiognomy and habitat: live oak, tanoak, madroño and California laurel evergreen mesoforest with Toxicodendron diversilobum, Pteridium aquilinum var. pubescens and Stachys bullata in the understory, 20-22 m high and 80 cm trunk diametre, mull cambisol; adjacent forest vegetation in deep soils in the geoserie (geosigmetum): Lithocarpo-Sequoietum sempervirentis, and seral vegetation (sigmetum): Ceanothus thyrsiflorus community. Stimate bioclimatic factors: pluviseasonal oceanic, peroceanic (Ic ~ 6.0), upper mesomediterranean (Itc ~ 220, Tp ~ 1600), upper subhumid (Io ~ 4.4). Biogeographical location: California region, North Californian province, North Coastal sector, Monterrey district. Floristic combination: Heteromelo-Quercetea agrifoliae characteristic species: 5 Quercus agrifolia, 3 Stachys bullata, 2 Rubus ursinus, 2 Satureja douglasii, 1 Heteromeles arbutifolia, + Ceanothus thyrsiflorus; differential (d) and companion species: 3 Lonicera hispidula var. vacillans 3 Umbellularia californica, 2 Lithocarpus densiflorus (d), 2 Pteridium aquilinum var. pubescens, 2 Toxicodendron diversilobum, 1 Agrostis oregoniana, 1 Arbutum menziesii (d), 1 Galium andrewsii, 1 Elymus glaucus, 1 Iris douglasii, 1 Osmorhiza berteroi, 1 Vicia americana, + Dryopteris arguta (d), + Frangula californica, + Fragaria vesca subsp. californica.
1c. Malosmo laurinae-Quercetum agrifoliae associatio nova hoc loco South Californian association typical of the South Coastal biogeographical subsector, that can be sparsely found from Santo Tomás, south side of Ensenada in Baja California, to the bottons of Santa Monica mountains, west side of Los Angeles. Those peroceanic thermomediterranean xeric semiarid evergreen oak woods grow on deep soils at the feet of the mountains and watercourses. In those ones short of edaphical humidity, due to slender precipitations (Io < 2.0), this is compensated with the water proceeding from lateral run-offs acumulated in soil. The characteristic specie of the association, the evergreen oak, could be of the particular variety Quercus agrifolia var. oxydenia J.T. Howell. This association represents the head of a mesofitic slightly edaphohygrophilous series, althought in thermomediterranean regional areas of dry ombroclimate can act as climatophilous or climax climactic, is in touch with or is utterly replaced by climatophilous regional vegetation, thermomediterranean xeric upper semiarid chaparral of the Xylococco bicoloris-Malosmetum laurinae. According to the facts furnished by Philbrick & Haller (1988: 902) it seem possible the presence of communities close to this association in the northern islands of the Channel Island subsector. Bioclimatical diagnosis: Ic 5-11, Io 1.4-2.3, Itc 350-400. Relevé typus: Rivas-Martínez reg. num. 1992d: 035, 19.05.1992, achieved with Drs. Alcaraz, Delgadillo, M. Parras & Peinado. Site: Baja California Norte (Méjico, Santo Tomás, south of Ensenada, 31º35'N-116º25'W, surface 100 m2, altitude 130 m, orientation NE, inclination 5%. Physiognomy and habitat: live oak and laurel sumac evergreen mesoforest with Sanicula arguta, Dryopteris arguta and Adiantum jordanii in the understory, 18-20 m high and 70 cm trunk diameter, mull colluvial cambisol; adjacent climatophilous regional vegetation: chaparral of the Xylococco-Malosmetum laurinae, seral pyrophitic vegetation: Xylococco-Adenostemetum fasciculati, seral subnitrophilous vegetation: Viguiera laciniata-Salvia munzii community, edaphoxerophilous permanent vegetation: Aesculus parryi community; edaphohygrophilous vegetation: Amorpha fruticosa var. occidentalis-Platanus racemosa community. Stimate bioclimatic factors: xeric thermomediterranean upper semiarid peroceanic (Ic ~ 8.0, Io ~ 1.6, Itc ~ 380). Biogeographical location: Californian region, South Californian province, South Coastal subsector, Ensenada district. Floristic combination: Heteromelo-Quercetea agrifoliae characteristic species: 5 Quercus agrifolia, 3 Heteromeles arbutifolia, 2 Lonicera subspicata var. denudata, 2 Malosma laurina, 2 Melica imperfecta, 2 Rhamnus crocea, 2 Sanicula arguta, 1 Aesculus parryi, 1 Dryopteris arguta, 1 Ribes speciosum, + Clematis lasiantha, + Fraxinus trifoliata, + Marah macrocarpus, + Rhus integrifolia; companion species: 2 Solidago californica, 1 Adiantum jordanii.
1d. Quercetum engelmannii associatio provisional Sclerophilous South Californian relictic mesoforest, typical of the upper dry oceanic mesomediterranean belt, that can be sparsely found mostly on vertisoils, in South Californian mountains from Trabuco Canyon in Cleveland National Forest (Orange County) to Sierra de San Pedro Mártir in Baja California (México), in the South Californian Ranges biogeographical sector. In those oak woodlands Quercus engelmannii grows together with: Heteromeles arbutifolia, Quercus agrifolia, Quercus dumosa, Quercus chrysolepis, Rhamnus crocea and Rhus ovata. They are replaced by chamise chaparral (Ceanotho crassifolii-Adenostometum fasciculati) due to the action of repeated fires. Bioclimatical diagnosis: Ic 7-15, Itc 210-350, Io 2.0-3.5.
1e. Lyonothamnus floribundus-Quercus tomentella community (Philbrick & Haller 1988) According to the information furnished by Philbrick & Haller (1988: 902) it seems that in South Californian Islands (Channel Islands subsector) grow microforests communities organized by Quercus tomentella, living together with other endemic microphanerophites as: Arctostaphylos insularis, Arctostaphylos tomentosa subsp. insulicola, Ceanothus arboreus and Lyonothamnus floribundus. They occupy a xerophilous position respect semiriparian mesoforests of Quercus agrifolia in the rainier islands of Santa Cruz and Santa Rosa.
2. Quercion douglasio-wislizenii alliancia nova hoc loco Evergreen-sclerophyllous mesoforests or woodlands of Quercus wislizenii var. wislizenii (Aesculo californicae-Quercetum wislizenii), marcescent woodlands or late decidous mesoforests of Quercus douglasii (Pino sabinianae-Quercetum douglasii), and also mesophitic or ligthly edaphohygrophilic decidous mesoforests of Quercus lobata (Aristolochio californicae-Quercetum lobatae) from plains and bottons of valleys; the last ones are nowadays grass-woodlands or reduced to a fragmentary presence. The aesti-durisilvae communities of this alliance constitute the climatophilous and sligthly edaphohygrophilous thermo-mesomediterranean pluviseasonal-oceanic dry and subhumid, also semiarid on soils with temporal hydromorphy, euoceanic or semicontinental mesoforests, of the Great Valley sector of the North Californian biogeographical province. The azonal Aristolochio-Quercetum lobatae is also living in some meridional valleys of the Transverse Ranges subsector. They grow on cambisoles, andosoles and luvisoles, sometimes temporarily hydromorphous with pseudogley horizon, in the valleys and foot of mountains that drain to the Great Californian Central Valley, usually not up to a height of 1000 m (parallel 40ºN). Bioclimatical diagnosis: Ic 11-21, Itc 200-400, Io (1.0)-2.0-4.6. Typus nominis: Aesculo californicae-Quercetum wislizenii Delgadillo associatio nova hoc loco. Characteristic species: Aesculus californica, Quercus douglasii, Quercus lobata.
2a. Aesculo californicae-Quercetum wislizenii Delgadillo associatio nova hoc loco Association that represent the interior live oak mesoforests or woodlands, basically formed by Quercus wislizenii var. wislizenii which can be accompanied by other trees as Quercus douglasii, less frecuent by Pinus sabiniana and also by Umbellularia californica in fresher climates. These mesoforests, mainly evergreen-screrophilous and in the most cases grass-woodland, have in the understory the compound-palm-shaped leaves decidous small tree Aesculus californica. These types of mesoforests have their main representation in semicontinental hills and mountains, usually no higher than 1000 m (parallel 40º), of dry superior and subhumid mesomediterranean belt that surround the Great Central Valley (North Californian biogeographical province, Great Valley sector). As we are in agreement with the name and basically with the concept given by J. Delgadillo in his Doctoral Thesis, we have used his proposal. Bioclimatical diagnosis: Ic 11-21, Itc 200-350, Io 2.5-4.6. Relevé typus:. Rivas-Martínez reg. num. 1995b: 061, 29.07.1995, achieved with Drs. Alcaraz, Delgadillo & Peinado. Site: Tulare County (California), Sequoia National Forest, Bear Creek, 36º15'N-118º45'W, surface 200 m2, altitude 750 m, orientation NW, inclination 25 %. Physiognomy and habitat: interior live oak evergreen micro-mesoforest (Quercus wislizenii), 8 to 14 m high and 50 cm trunk diameter, with Aesculus californica in the understory, on granit cambisol; adjacent river vegetation in the geoserie (geosigmetum): Populus fremontii-Platanus racemosa community. Stimate bioclimatic factors: pluviseasonal oceanic, semicontinental (Ic ~ 18), upper mesomediterranean (Itc ~ 250), lower subhumid (Io ~ 3.2). Biogeographical location: Californian region, North Californian province, Great Valley sector, San Joaquin Valley subsector. Floristic combination: Heteromelo-Quercetea agrifoliae characteristic species: 4 Quercus wislizenii var. wislizenii, 3 Aesculus californica, 2 Arctostaphylos viscida subsp. mariposa, 1. Quercus douglasii, 1 Rhamnus crocea subsp. ilicifolia; differential (d) and companion species: 3 Toxicodendron diversilobum, 2 Lonicera hispidula var. vacillans (d), 2 Melica stricta, 2 Pellaea mucronata, 1 Eriodictyon angustifolium, 1 Galium spurium, 1 Keckiella brevifolia, + Anaphalis margaritacea, + Cercis occidentalis (d), + Frangula californica subsp. tomentella (d), + Umbellularia californica.
2b. Pino sabinianae-Quercetum douglasii associatio nova hoc loco Mixed mesoforests mainly formed by the marcescent blue oak (Quercus douglasii) and the gray pine (Pinus sabiniana), that can be accompanied in higher altitudes above sea level by other trees as Quercus garryana or Juniperus occidentalis subsp. australis (transition to Junipero australis-Pinetalia jeffreyi) in the lower ones close to Sacramento River by Quercus lobata, particularly on fresh deep soils (transition to Aristolochio-Quercetum lobatae) or by Juniperus californica on dacitic lithosoils or very low dry or semiarid areas (transition to Querco turbinellae-Juniperetum californicae). They grow on andosoles formed from basic siliceous rocks rich in calcium plagioclases and piroxenes as basalts, andesites, gabbros and dacites, in the low dry or subhumid mesomediterranean, semicontinental belt, of the Great Valley sector (North Californian biogeographical province ). Bioclimatical diagnosis: Ic 13-21, Itc 200-350, Io 2.0-4.6. Remarks: They are replaced, in the poorer in bases siliceous soils (cambisoles), by the evergreen oak-woodlands of the Aesculo californicae-Quercetum wislizenii on the Great Central Valley and by the "roble" or valley oak woodlands of Aristolochio-Quercetum lobatae in the botton of valley slightly hydromorphous compensated ones. In the supramediterranean belt, that begins close to 950-1000 m altitude in the western slopes of Lassen National Forest (40º-41ºN parallels), the Pino-Quercetum douglasii association is replaced by the Calocedro-Pinetea jeffreyi forests and mixed forests, first by the Pinus ponderosa (Querco kelloggii-Pinetum ponderosae) and, in higher and rainier heights above sea level, by the Abies lowiana forests (Castanopsio-Abietetum lowianae). When continentality increases (Ic > 18) and upon basalts bedrock soils it is in touch with the Pinus jeffreyi pine-forest (Junipero australis-Pinetum jeffreyi). It is just in these frontiers of meso-supramediterranean climatophilous series pertaining to different vegetation classis Heteromelo-Quercetea agrifoliae and Calocedro-Pinetea jeffreyi, where we has established the boundaries between the Great Valley biogeographical sector and the Sierra Nevada-Transcascadian sector. Relevé typus: Rivas-Martínez reg. num. 1996b:133, 04.09.1996, achieved with Drs. Llorens & Sánchez-Mata. Site: Shasta county (California), Shasta National Forest, Pit River, 40º58'N-121º55'W, surface 200 m2, altitude 960 m, orientation S, inclination 20%. Physiognomy and habitat: blue oak and gray pine woodland with Ceanothus cuneatus and Comandra umbellata in the understory, 16-18 m high and 50 cm trunk diameter, mull andosol on the basaltic bedrock, adjacent vegetation: on poorest soils Querco-Pinetum ponderosae, and in higher and more continental localities Junipero australis-Pinetum jeffreyi. Stimate bioclimatic factors: boundary between meso and supramediterranean upper dry semicontinental (Ic ~ 20, Io ~ 2.8, Itc ~ 210). Biogeographical location: boundary between Great Valley sector (Sacramento Valley subsector and Sierra Nevada subsector (Lassen district). Floristic combination: Heteromelo-Quercetea agrifoliae characteristic species: 3 Pinus sabiniana, 3 Quercus douglasii, 2 Ceanothus cuneatus, 1 Arctostaphylos viscida subsp. mariposa, (+) Adenostoma fasciculatum, + Rhamnus crocea; differential (d) and companion species: 2 Cercocarpus montanus var. glaber (d), 2 Comandra umbellata, 2 Festuca californica, 1 Quercus garryana, + Juniperus occidentalis subsp. australis, + Pellaea andromedifolia (d).
2c. Aristolochio californicae-Quercetum lobatae Rivas-Martínez & Sánchez- Mata associatio nova hoc loco Marcescent woodland of valley oak (Quercus lobata), that can be accompanied by Quercus douglasii, which grows on the temporarily wet deep soils (gley cambisoles, fluvisoles) in Great Valley of California, in the thermo and mesomediterranean dry to subhumid belt. It is in touch with the riparian decidous forests (Platanus racemosa community) at the banks of the rivers. In general those mesophitic forests are nowadays grass-woodlands or they are replaced by grain crops or others crops that need irrigation. In the few places where Aristolochio californicae-Quercetum lobatae can be found wild usually is accompanied by vines, weeds and brambles (Aristolochia californica, Vitis californica, Rubus ulmifolius, Toxicodendron diversilobum, etc.) and I do not have good relevés. Fortunately Dr. Sánchez-Mata has achieved a great relevé in Cherry Valley (Napa County) which we use as nomenclatural type of this association. Bioclimatical diagnosis: Ic 11-21, Itc 210-380, Io (1.0)2.0-3.6. Relevé typus: Sánchez-Mata reg. num. CA1996:54b, 06-06-1996. Site: Napa County (California), Wragg Ridge, between Lake Berryesoa and Napa, Cherry Valley, 38º27'N-122º08'W, surface 200 m2, altitude 280 m, orientation W, inclination 5%. Physiognomy and habitat: valley oak mesoforest with a lot of vines and brambles, and a great cover of Ramalina lacunosa as epiphytic lichen, 22-25 m high and 80 cm trunk diameter, gley cambisol, fluvisol; adjacent forest vegetation: open blue oak forest with some Aesculus californica and scattered grey pines ("dehesa"), Aesculo californicae-Quercetum wislizenii, and chamise chaparral as seral vegetation (Adenostomion fasciculatae). Stimate bioclimatic factors: pluviseasonal oceanic upper mesomediterranean lower subhumid (Ic ~ 13, Io ~ 3.2, Itc ~ 260). Biogeographical location: Californian region, North Californian province, Great Valley sector, Sacramento Valley subsector. Floristic combination: Heteromelo arbutifoliae-Quercetea agrifoliae characteristic species: 4 Quercus lobata, 2 Aristolochia californica, 1 Heteromeles arbutifolia, 1 Keckiella antirrhinoides, 1 Quercus douglasii, 1 Rhus trilobata, + Aesculus californica, + Pinus sabiniana, + Sambucus mexicana; companion species: 2 Toxicodendron diversilobum, 2 Vitis california, 1 Carex multicaulis, 1 Lonicera hispidula var. vacillans, 1 Nemophila heterophylla, 1 Rubus ulmifolius, 1 Sanicula crassicaulis, 1 Stipa lemmonii, + Acer macrophyllum, + Cercis occidentalis, + Chlorogalum pomeridianum, + Dryopteris arguta, + Monardella villosa, + Pteridium aquilinum var. pubescens, + Solanum xanti, + Solidago californica, + Umbellularia californica.
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